Crimes arising from Hate in the Islamic legal system Focusing on committing crimes against homosexuals

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی ترویجی

نویسنده

PhD in Criminal Law and Criminology from Qom University and a third-year student at Al-Zahra University

چکیده

The term “hate crime” emerged in the United States during the 1980s, contributing to a new wave of criminalizing such crimes in the late 1980s and early 21st centuries in several countries. Hate crimes are defined as those committed with discriminatory or bigoted motives against individuals belonging to groups often considered minorities within society. These minorities include racial, ethnic, national, or religious groups, or individuals with different sexual orientations.On the other hand, a sincere commitment to the true teachings of Islam, which aim to preserve lineage, uphold human dignity, and achieve a good life, may sometimes lead to the emergence of strong social stances toward certain groups perceived as having deviated from sound human nature and contributed to harming the social fabric. Among the most prominent of these phenomena is homosexuality, which the Islamic legal system categorically rejects and considers a crime deserving of severe punishment. This can sometimes manifest as social reactions toward homosexual individuals.This article aims to examine the Islamic perspective on hate crimes, focusing on violent reactions toward homosexual individuals. The study relied on diverse library and electronic sources. One of its key findings is that the Islamic value system reacts rigorously to behaviors deemed deviant from human nature and social norms, including homosexuality. However, the authority to judge and punish homosexual individuals rests exclusively with the legitimate ruler and is implemented through the competent judiciary. Therefore, any individual act of hatred directed at homosexuals, even if the victim has been proven to have engaged in immoral behavior, is a crime in itself and warrants punishment according to Islamic law.

کلیدواژه‌ها

مراجع

  1. The Holy Quran

    Nahj al-Balaghah

    Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya

    1. Al-'Amili, Al-Hurr, Muhammad ibn Hasan (d. 1409 AH). Wasa'il al-Shi'a, Vol. 28, Qom: Al al-Bayt Foundation.
    2. Al-Amili, the First Martyr, Muhammad ibn Makki (d. 1410 AH). Al-Lum'ah al-Dimashqiyyah fi Fiqh al-Imamiyyah, Beirut: Dar al-Turath - Al-Dar al-Islamiyyah.
    3. Al-Ansari, Muhammad Ali (d. 1422 AH). Al-Mawsu'ah al-Fiqhiyyah al-Muyassarah, first edition, Qom: Majma' al-Fikr al-Islami.
    4. Al-Ardabili, Ahmad ibn Muhammad (d. 1416 AH). Majma' al-Fawa'id wa al-Burhan fi Sharh Irshad al-Adhhan, edited by Mujtaba Iraqi, Ali Panah Eshtehardi, and Hussein Yazdi, first edition, Qom: Islami.
    5. Al-Hakim, Mohamad (2015). Making a Home for the Homeless in Hate Crime Legislation, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 30.10, 1755-1781.
    6. Al-Kulayni, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ya'qub (d. 1407 AH). Al-Kafi, vol. 5, Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah.
    7. Allport, Gordon (1962). The Nature of Prejudice,1 Reading:1 Addison-Wesley.
    8. Al-Maghribi, Abu Hanifah Nu'man ibn Muhammad al-Tamimi (d. 1385 AH). Da'a'im al-Islam, vol. 1, Qom: Mu'assasat Ahl al-Bayt.
    9. Al-Muhammadi Reyshahri, Muhammad (d. 1377 SH). Mizan al-Hikmah, Qom: Dar al-Hadith.
    10. Al-Musawi Al-Khoei, Abu Al-Qasim (d. 1411 AH). Mabani Takmilat Al-Minhaj, 2nd ed., Qom: Al-Ilmiyya.
    11. Al-Musawi Al-Khoei, Sayyid Abu Al-Qasim (d. 1410 AH). Takmilat Al-Minhaj Al-Salihin, 28th ed., Qom: Madinat Al-Ilm.
    12. Al-Najafi, Sahib Al-Jawahir, Muhammad Hasan (d. 1404 AH). Jawahir Al-Kalam fi Sharh Shara'i' Al-Islam, Beirut: Dar Ihya' Al-Turath Al-Arabi.
    13. Al-Nuri, Muhaddith Mirza Husayn (d. 1408 AH). Mustadrak Al-Wasa'il wa Mustanbit Al-Masa'il, vol. 12, Beirut: Mu'assasat Ahl Al-Bayt.
    14. Al-Ruhani, Sayyid Muhammad (d. 1414 AH). Minhaj al-Salihin, second edition, Kuwait: Maktabat al-Alfayn.
    15. Al-Sayyid al-Radi, Muhammad (d. 1414 AH). Nahj al-Balaghah, Qom: Mu'assasat Nahj al-Balaghah.
    16. Al-Tusi, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Hasan (d. 1390 AH). Al-Istibsar fima Ikhtalafa min al-Akhbar, Vol. 4, Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyya.
    17. Al-Tusi, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Hasan (n.d.). Al-Mabsut, edited by Muhammad Baqir Behbudi, Second Edition, n.p.: Al-Maktabah al-Murtadawiyya.
    18. Bashiriyyah, Hussein (d. 1386 SH). Liberalism and Conservatism, Tehran: Nashr-e Ni.
    19. Blake, Michael (2001). Geeks and Monsters: Bias Crimes and Social Identity, Law and Philosophy 20.2, 121-139.
    20. Bojmehrani, Hassan (2013) "Comparative Comparison of Human Dignity in Islamic Perspective and Liberalism Thought", Quarterly Journal of Political and International Science, Year 2, Issue 5, 67-88.
    21. Burhani, Mohsen, (2011), Apostasy; Justified Cause or Legal Excuse, Quarterly Journal of Private Law Studies, Volume 41, No. 2 (2nd issue), 41-58.
    22. Dehkhoda Dictionary
    23. Fayyad, Muhammad Ishaq (n.d.). Minhaj al-Salihin, First Edition, n.p.: Office of His Eminence Sheikh Muhammad Ishaq Fayyad.
    24. Feinberg, Joel (1965). The Expressive Function of Punishment, The Monist, 397-423.
    25. Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B (2013). Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies, Sage.
    26. Ghorchibeigi, Majid, Rezaian Kochi, Mohammad Reza, (2019) An Analysis of the Needs of Victim-Centered Criminal Policy in Hate Crimes, Criminal Law Research, Year 8, Issue 32, 213-244.
    27. Habibzadeh, Mohammad Jafar, Hoshyar, Mehdi, (2014). "The Position of Religious Minorities in Iranian Criminal Law in the Light of the Principle of Equality Before the Law", Criminal Law Research Journal, Volume 5, Issue 2, 61-87.
    28. Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad (d. 1313 AH). Al-Musnad, Beirut: Dar Sader.
    29. Islamic Penal Code (2013).
    30. Javid, Mohammad Javad (2007). Human Rights in the Postmodern Era: Criticism of the Philosophical Masterpiece in Understanding Subjective Rights, Quarterly Journal of Law, Journal of the Faculty of Law and Political Science, Volume 37, No. 3, 63-96.
    31. Jenness, Valerie, and Ryken Grattet (2001). Making Hate a Crime: From Social Movement to Law Enforcement, Russell Sage Foundation.
    32. Kant, Immanuel (1369 AH). Bunyad-e Ma'da-l-Tabi'iyyah-e Ethics, translated by Hamid Enayat and Ali Qaysari, Tehran: Sharikat-e Sahami Intisharat-e Khwarizmi.
    33. Lawrence, Frederick M (1994). The Punishment of Hate: Toward a Normative Theory of Bias-Motivated Crimes, Michigan Law Review 93.2, 320-381.
    34. Majidi Nejad, Beheshte (2011). A Criminological-Philosophical Study of Hate Crimes, Master's Thesis in Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran.
    35. Malek Afzali Ardakani, Mohsen and Others, 2012, The Concept of System and Its Application in Jurisprudence and Principles, Islamic Studies, Jurisprudence and Principles, Year 44, Issue 1/88, Spring, pp. 125-150.
    36. Mason, G., Maher, J., McCulloch, J., Pickering, S., Wickes, R., & McKay, C. (2017). Policing Hate Crime: Understanding Communities and Prejudice, UK: Routledge.
    37. McClintock, Michael (2005). Everyday Fears: A Survey of Violent Hate Crimes in Europe and North America.
    38. Muwahhid, Muhammad Ali (d. 1381 AH). Dar Haway-e Haqq wa 'Adalat; From Natural Law to Human Rights, Tehran: Karnameh Publishing House.
    39. Perry, Barbara (2001). In the Name of Hate: Understanding Hate Crimes, Psychology Press.
    40. Petrosino, Carolyn (2003). Connecting the Past to the Future, Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader 15.1, 9.
    41. Sadeghi, Salar (d. 1395 SH). Legal and Criminological Study of Crimes Arising from Hatred, First Edition, Tehran: Majd.
    42. Streissguth, Tom (2003). Hate Crimes (Library in a Book).
    43. Tabataba'i, Muhammad Husayn (d. 1417 AH). Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an, Vol. 5, Qom: Jami'at Mudarrisin Publications.
    44. Vahid Khorasani, Hossein, Minhaj al-Salihin, (publish date not mentioned) (publisher not mentioned).

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار